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Command and Scripting Interpreter

What: Command and Scripting Interpreter

Command and Scripting Interpreter refers to a sub-category within the MITRE ATT&CK framework, specifically under the "Execution" tactic. This category encompasses techniques that adversaries use to execute arbitrary commands or scripts through various interpreters available on a system, such as PowerShell, Bash, Python, or Windows Command Shell (cmd.exe). Interpreters are fundamental in executing structured commands and scripts that allow interaction with the system's API, file system, or other resources.

How: Techniques and Execution Methods

  1. PowerShell: Widely used due to its powerful capabilities in Windows environments for task automation and configuration management. Adversaries exploit PowerShell to execute scripts remotely, download payloads, or even perform lateral movements without writing any files on disk (fileless execution).

  2. Bash/Shell: On Unix-like systems, bash is commonly exploited by attackers to execute shell scripts that can automate malicious activities like network reconnaissance or data exfiltration.

  3. Python/Ruby/Perl: These scripting languages are often pre-installed on systems and can be invoked to perform complex tasks such as socket programming for network connections or cryptographic operations for data obfuscation.

  4. Windows Command Shell (cmd.exe): Often used for executing batch files or direct system commands. Attackers leverage cmd.exe to launch other tools or scripts that help in establishing persistence or escalating privileges.

  5. Macros and Scriptlets: In environments where traditional scripting languages might be monitored or blocked, adversaries might use macros embedded in documents or HTML Application (HTA) scriptlets which can also invoke command interpreters.

Where: Application Contexts

  • Enterprise Networks: Within corporate environments where systems are interconnected and often have standard scripting interpreters installed.
  • Cloud Environments: Utilizing cloud-based script execution services like AWS Lambda or Azure Functions where scripts can be executed in a serverless fashion.
  • Embedded Devices/IoT: Devices with limited interfaces might still support basic command execution through available scripting interpreters.

Why: Motivations Behind Use

  • Versatility and Ubiquity: Interpreters are available by default on most operating systems which makes them an attractive target since they require no additional installation.
  • Stealthiness: Using native tools reduces the chances of detection compared to deploying external malware executables.
  • Powerful Capabilities: Interpreters provide extensive access to system resources and APIs which can be exploited to gain information, manipulate processes, or disrupt operations.
  • Ease of Use: Scripts can automate complex sequences of actions which simplifies the process of exploitation for attackers.

This detailed understanding of "Command and Scripting Interpreter" outlines not only what it is but also elaborates on how it is typically exploited by adversaries, where it tends to occur most frequently within IT infrastructures, and why it remains a significant threat vector in cybersecurity landscapes.